Purpose: The purposes of this study are to explore the causal relationship among grit, growth mindset, orientation of error, coaching styles and the psychological factors perceived by the collegiate athletes that may predict athletes’ achievement and to examine the mediating effect between growth mindset and orientation of error from the relationship between perceived coaching style and grit. Methods: The collegiate athletes in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and North Chungcheong provinces were studied with a standardized questionnaire. Out of 430 surveys conducted, 406 of them were used for the final analysis, excluding those lacking consistency in response. For measurement and analysis, SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs were used to assess the frequency analysis, skewness, kurtosis, credibility, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, measurement model verification, structural model verification, and mediating effect verification. Results: First, autonomy support coaching behavior had a statistically significant effect on growth mindset and orientation of error. Second, the controlled coaching behavior had a significant negative effect on orientation of error, and not statistically significant effect on growth mindset. Third, the growth mindset had a statistically significant effect on the grit. Fourth, the perception of mistakes had a statistically significant effect on the grit. Fifth, growth mindset and orientation of error in the relationship between autonomy support coaching behavior and grit showed full mechanism effect. Sixth, the relationship between controlled coaching behavior and grit was found to have no medial effect of growth mindset and mistake perception. Conclusion: The results from this study may act as the steppingstone toward the studies about the impact of coaching style, grit as an indicator of success, and the relationship among the psychological factors that affect growth mindset and orientation of error in the athletic circumstances.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare sensation seek and self-determined motivation of participants in extreme sports and health exercise, and to verify the interaction effects of those factors on extreme sports participation. Methods: The subject of this study included 179 extreme sports participants and 191 health exercise participants. The present study was performed a descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis as well as a reliability analysis upon after which it conducts a confirmatory factor analysis. Then, the study implemented an independent sample t-test to compare the sensation seek and self-determined motivation according to participating events, and it also conducted a hierarchical regression analysis to verify the interaction effects. Results: First, extreme sports participants were found to be higher in the statistical level of significance than health exercise participants in the following factors: Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Experience Seeking, Boredom Susceptibility, Identified Regulation, and Intrinsic Regulation. Second, observing at the interaction effects of self-determined motivation and sensation seek on the frequency of participation in extreme sports, it found to be that there were interaction effects of Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Experience Seeking, and Boredom Susceptibility factors. Conclusion: The differences in psychological characteristics between extreme sports and health exercise participants were found in this study, and it was found that the tendency to pursue new senses and experiences along with the high level of self-determined motivation were an important factors for extreme sports participation.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was designed to identify and describe how the elementary school athletes who have higher scores of grit deal with their adversity situation. Methods: The research employed ethnography which is one of qualitative research methods. In early stage of the research, a grit questionnaire measuring grit consistency and persistence was administered to 211 elementary school athletes and 34 athletes, who ranked above 16%, equivalent to standard deviation +1 or higher on grit score, were selected as temporary research participants. Another 3 questions asking if the participants experienced adversity were given to the temporary participants. Nineteen athletes who answered ‘yes’ to at least one of the 3 questions were selected as the final research participants in this study. Semi-structural interview, focus group interview and observation were utilized to get the data. Data were analyzed using taxonomic analysis method developed by Spradley. Results: The cultural domains were ‘courage’, ‘achievement orientation’, ‘long-term goals’, ‘resilience’, and ‘seeking excellency’. Conclusion: The study has an important implication that it is very important to talk with children about what to learn from their failure when children fail in what they tries to achieve.

Purpose: This study was to investigate performance accuracy and visual control strategies on different level of expertise and sloped green condition in golf putting task. Methods: 14 participants (7 professional golfers with more than 10 years of experience and 7 novice golfers with little experience, less than a year) were participated in the study. All participants performed 30 putts, 10 putts at 1.5m straight lie, 2.5m straight lie, and 1.5m sloped lie respectively. In each type of terrain, every putts were executed with wearing eye movement tracking system at all times. Visual control strategies such as quiet eye duration (QED), quiet eye dwell time (QEDT) and gaze fixation location were measured. Results: First, there was a difference in both performance accuracy and visual control characteristics according to the golf expertise. Particularly, pro golfers showed lower absolute error in both experiment conditions, distance and sloped, than amateur golfers[p<.01]. Second, the QED and QEDT were found to be longer in professional golfers on both distance and sloped conditions [QED: p<.05, QEDT: p<.05] than in amateur ones. Third, there was a difference in gaze fixation location between different level of expertise[p<.05]. Especially, the professional golfers fixed their gaze location at the breaking point of putting lie, however, amateur golfers fixed their gaze location at the hole. Conclusion: The visual control characteristics were found to be more different in sloped lie than straight lie of putts according to the golf skill level. It could be seen that performer’s visual control characteristics from the green affects the putting performance.

The purpose of study is to clarify the difference of working memory capacity and activation of prefrontal cortex according to the performance level of athletes. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, three groups participated in the study. The national players who ranked in the top 10 in the world rank, the players who have less than five years of experience, and the general public consisted of 12 persons and total 36 persons. We used obelab fNIRS equipment and Matlab software for experiments. The tasks were composed of 2 levels (1-back, 2-back) for each task. two tasks were performed in detail, and the subjects performed 60 times x 2 tasks per task, 120 trial in total. The results obtained from each task memory task are as follows. The difference in response time was found to be faster for the national players in both the spatial working memory task. The difference in cerebral blood flow in the prefrontal cortex was not significantly different between the 1-back levels in all three tasks, but the activation difference between the two groups in the DLPFC area associated with working memory in both tasks. This study is expected to have a positive effect on research on cerebral characteristics of athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how the perceived difficulty change by visual illusion affects performance. Methods: Participants in this study consisted of 8 persons (6 males and 2 females) with normal or corrected vision, with the dominant hand on the right. Participants performed verbal judgment tasks, judgment motor tasks, and continuous motor tasks. Inverted-T figures with difficulty levels of 5 cm, 10 cm, and 20 cm were randomly presented for each task. The verbal judgment task was designed to express the shape of a horizontal line and a vertical line that looked long after showing the figure. Judgment motor task was to measure to present the distance between the horizontal line and the vertical line by opening the tip of the stick’s markers. Continuous motor task was to tap a given target 40 times with maximum speed. Results: As a result of the verbal judgement task, all eight participants said that the vertical line was long. In the judgment motor task, five participants judged that the vertical line was longer than the horizontal line. Conversely, three participants stated that the horizontal line was longer than the vertical line. In the continuous motor task, the visual illusion did not appear to affect the continuous movement. On the other hand, as the difficulty index increased, movement time was increased. Conclusion: The vertical line of Inverted-T was perceived as longer one in the perceptual judgement task, but no difference was found in continuous motor task between horizontal line and vertical line of Inverted-T, suggesting that visual illusion of inverted-T did not affect the motor performance of continuous motor task.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to test experts whether peripheral vision, which was not considered visual information in previous studies, is the main intervention factor that can change the effects of attentional focus. Methods: Experts (N = 30) were selected as subjects. Subjects were randomly assigned to 3 groups (external focus, external focus group controlling peripheral vision, control group) and the putting accuracy was evaluated at 3 working distances (2m, 3m and 5m) according to the experimental procedure. Results: Experts were found to have high putting performance accuracy (MRE) and consistency (BVE) in controls that did not provide attention. In addition, no performance difference was found between the external focus group and the external focus group controlling peripheral vision group. For experts, the availability of peripheral vision did not affect performance and did not mediate the effects of attention. Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that experts have been shown to be more effective at performing tasks than using attention strategies of individual players rather than attention strategies. This indicates that the expert may not need external attention. Therefore, the effect of attention to experts seems to be related to performance automation and individual player performance strategies.